A YEAR AT THE ZOO. T HE Report of the Council
of the Zoological Society for the sixty-fourth year of the existence of its " Gardens " in Regent's Park will be read with interest by those whose curiosity extends beyond the menagerie which they see, to its management which is unseen. The public are only dimly aware of their debt to Dr. Solater, the honorary secretary of the Zoological Society, and to Mr. Bartlett and his son, managers of the Gardens ; and the glimpse of a twelve- months' history—animal, personal, and financial—of one of the most pleasing and popular out-door institutions of London, explains much that is not at first obvious in a visit to the Zoo. Among the most evident improvements of recent years is the great and growing beauty of the Gardens, the fine turf and flowers, and the other amenities which, apart from the interest inseparable from the natural- history collections, have made possible in the precincts occupied by the Society a nearer counterpart of the out-door life en- joyed in the gardens of Continental capitals, than anywhere 'else in the Metropolis. The explanation of this, as well as of the curious and interesting details of the maintenance of a menagerie of 2,413 birds, beasts, and reptiles of all kinds and sizes, from the African elephant and Indian rhinoceros, down to the tiny lemmings and the last litter of dingo-puppies is to be found in the financial Report for the year. It is a unique document, and deserves attentive study. Those whose custom it is to buy paper packets of broken bread and buns, duly labelled "Food for the animals," at the refreshment- stalls, or who know from experience that there is hardly any creature there, from the hippopotamus to the smallest monkey, which disdains to eat a raisin, will be astonished at the quantity and variety of the solid nutriment which has to be provided yearly for 650 "beasts," 1,391 birds, and 366 reptiles; though those more conversant with the powers of consumption of " stock " in an ordinary farmyard would probably hesitate to take a feeding-contract at a lower figure. The year's cost for provisions consumed in the Gardens is a little under 2,4,000,-105 loads of clover, 153 loads of meadow-hay, 130 quarters of oats, and 340 quarters of bran, may be put down roughly as the quantity of vegetable food required for the large antelopes, elephants, zebras, and wild-sheep. Bread and milk are almost as safe a diet for most animals as for human beings, and 5,000 quarterns of bread and 6,000 quarts of milk represent the quantity of this wholesome food consumed at the Zoo. Most of the insect-eating birds, many monkeys, and certain snakes and lizards are egg-eaters; and nineteen thousand eggs probably account for twice that number of breakfasts supplied to the smaller occupants of the houses. The large carnivore, of which the collection contains so many and such fine examples, require stronger food, and are not stinted in their supply. The figures in this case sug- gest some interesting reflections on the ravages said to be due to wild beasts among flocks and game. No doubt these crea- tures, notably wolves and wild dogs, occasionally destroy more than they require to satisfy their hunger. But usually a lion or a tiger kills one animal, and feeds upon it so long as it lasts ; 'after which it kills another victim, and no more. The total of carcasses eaten by all the lions, tigers, bears, hyenas, wolves, leopards, and other large carnivore in the Gardens during the year amounts to 230 horses and 152 goats. If the number consumed in captivity bears any proportion to the loss of cattle caused by these creatures when wild, the reports of natives must be much exaggerated. The fishmonger's bill is naturally a heavy one, when not only seals, otters, and sea-lions, which will eat nothing else, but also numbers of piscivorous birds, and even the polar-bears, have to be provided with fresh flounders, whiting, and conger-eels daily,-36,000 lb. of whit- ing, 10,000 lb. of "rough fish," 630 quarts of shrimps, and 2,000 lb. of flounders were consumed l)y the seals and other aquatic creatures. The live gudgeons, whose pursuit and capture form the daily excitement of the penguins in their glass-fronted. tank, do not appear in the list of food provided, any more than the army of mice and rats, and dozens of live frogs, which frolic behind the scenes in the snake-house. Unhonoured in their lives, their deaths are unrecorded, or figure darkly among "miscellaneous expenses." The fact is that the rearing of tame mice and rats, and the capture and purveyance of live frogs, is an interesting and 'unexplored side-industry of London life. Breeding mice and white rats is an easy and lucrative addition to small incomes, carried on in back-yards and attics. The frogs, which are ,genuine wild animals, are captured by special emissaries employed by the "dealers," who go round to the mouse- farms and froggeries and collect the creatures, just as the poultry-men make their rounds to country farms and -cottages. The Zoo is by no means the largest customer to the trade, which relies mainly on the " biologists " for its • steady demand. Fruit is almost as necessary as fish at all seasons in the Gardens, and no visitor can have failed to notice the daintily-arranged " dessert " of sliced bananas, grapes, dates, and apples, which is served up to the rarer monkeys and fruit-eating birds. Thirteen thousand oranges, 2,000 lb. of grapes, 1,200 lb. of dates, and 200 lb. of • raisins and currants, represent the fruiterer's bill; the green- grocer comes last, with 2,641 bunches of tares, 4,500 bunches of greens, and 2,600 bundles of cress. Cherries, onions, melons, marrows, bananas § and figs vary the bill of fare, which we may close with the solid item of 139 cwt. of carrots, and nearly two .tons of ground nuts. To provide for the welfare of its animal pensioners, its works and repairs, its gardens, and to assist in the valuable scientific inquiries into animal structure carried out in the Proseotor's Department, the Society employs, under the direction of the superintendent and his assistant, a head keeper, twenty-two keepers, a prosector's assistant, clerks, a head gardener, twenty-three helpers in the menagerie, twelve gardeners, artisans, firemen, messengers, and a butcher, —in all, nearly one hundred persons. At the Society's rooms in Hanover Square, the publication of the Zoo- logical Record, containing a complete summary of all the Zoological inquiries of the year throughout the world, costs annually about 2450. The last, and not the least, interesting item in the list of expenditure is that of 2843 19s. 6d. for the cost and carriage of animals, 2500 of which represents the money paid for the young hippopotamus, whose comfortable figure and complacent demeanour have been not the least attraction of the Gardens during the season.
223,855 has been the total cost of the Zoo for the year. This is covered by receipts of 225,968. The form in which these moneys were received is perhaps less unusual than the items of expenditure ; but it includes one considerable source of income which would scarcely be expected. " Fares " for rides on the elephants and camels reach the respectable amount of 2606 17s. 4d., a sum which seems nearly constant in the recent annual records of the Zoo. Admissions to the Gardens reached 213,981, an increase of 2272 over last year ; and the subscriptions of Fellows of the Society amount to over 26,000, which represents roughly the sum in which the public, after paying their entrance-fees, are indebted to the Society. Lastly, the assets at Regent's Park and in the offices at Hanover Square are valued at 270,000, including one estimate of 221,542, for the animals in the menagerie, and another of 215,600 for the unrivalled library of Zoology owned by the Society.
With the exception of the young hippopotamus, which, in bulk at least, is a substantial addition to the assets of the Society, the arrivals in the Gardena have been more than counterbalanced by the losses during the past year. The obituary of the last giraffe has already appeared in the Specta- tor ; and it is interesting to notice that the Report corrobo. rates the fear there expressed, that for the present there is no hope of obtaining a successor. "Owing to the closure of the Soudan by the Ma,hdiists," we read, "the supply of this and other large African mammals, which were formerly obtained Did Kassala and Suakim, has ceased, and so far as can be ascertained, there are now no living giraffes in the European market." Among the other deaths recorded are those of a lioness, a male cheetah, two common zebras, an Aiwa wolf, and a Beatrie antelope. More than sixty monkeys also succumbed to the intense cold of the winter. On the other hand, a large and varied progeny of young creatures has been born in the Gardens during the year, and many hundreds of birds, animals, and reptiles have been presented to the Society by donors of all ranks and conditions, from the Queen, whose gigantic ostrich occupies the empty giraffe-house, to the public-school boy with a taste for natural history, whose donation of a couple of "yellow-bellied toads," brought care- fully to the Gardens in his coat-pocket, is duly acknowledged in close proximity to the gift of "Her Majesty the Queen."
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