THE MAGAZINES.

THE editor of the Nineteenth Century presents his readers with a somewhat bewildering symposium on the Church crisis. Lord Halifax, whose contribution stands first, admits the existence of a wave of anti - clericalism, but regards it not as a discredit or danger, but as a "witness to the Church's life, and a proof that the clergy are true to their vocation." The greater liart of the article is devoted to an examination of the "Liverpool Bill," in regard to which Lord Halifax finds little to choose between Sir William Harcourt and Mr. Balfour. "The 'Mass' and the 'Confessional,' as every one knows who understands the question, can only be put down by altering the Prayer-book." In conclusion, Lora Halifax, while deprecating any efforts to precipitate a conflict over the question of Disestablishment, believes that the ulti• mate end and result of such a conflict would in any case relieve the Church from a claim which is "absolutely intoler- able,—the claim that those who do not belong to the Church shall determine her discipline, dictate her doctrine, and arrogate to themselves the rights which belong only to the Divine Head of the Church, and to those He has invested with His authority and empowered to rule in His name."—Lady Wimborne's view of the situation is that "Church-people to whom Protestantism is dear are being driven, in support of its principles, to ally themselves with a party which makes no secret of enmity to the Church, and to join forces with those whose Protestantism is of such a cbaraater that it would force the Church into its own narrow limits, and utterly destroy that comprehensiveness which has been hitherto its glory and the source of its power." The result of this Protestant organisation, she contends, is likely to be the dis- ruption of the Church, the defeat of Romanian] and its ally, and the triumph of ultra-Protestantism, unless moderating influences preNail.—Sir George Arthur, who follows with a paper on "Loyalty to the Prayer Book," occupies a position half-way between Lord Halifax and Lady Wimborne, for whereas the last - named admits justification for the Liverpool Church Discipline Bill, Sir George Arthur denounces it as entirely dangerous, insidious, and insincere. But out of this welter of conflicting views one reassuring fact emerges. All three writers appeal to the Prayer-book as confirming and justifying their contentions, thus testifying to that spirit of comprehension and tolerance in which the vitality of the Reformed Church resides.—Mr. John Mao- donell sends a paper at once learned and luminous on South American Republica and the Monroe Doctrine," with special reference to the status of foreigners in those Republics. Hi reminds us that few points of international law are more °heave than that :elating to the position of foreigners in

countries in which they are resident, but is inclined to regard the growth of Mexico as furnishing an encouraging indication

of similar progress in Central America.—Mr. Herbert Paul writes with vivacity and good sense on the novels of Peacock, and Mr. H. A. Jones has a delightfully inconsequent rigmarole 0" Literary Critics and the Drama."

One naturally turns first in the Contemporary to Professor flanaack's paper on "The Kaiser's Letter on Christ and Revelation," reproduced in extenso from the Preussische JahrbUcher. As regards Professor Delitzsch's lectures, the writer declares that there was no controversy at all so far as

science was concerned. Delitzsch has added nothing to what was already a matter of common knowledge, but he has caused that common knowledge to become common property. "What

was hitherto but a dying whisper is now being shouted out from

:he house-tops." For this Professor Harnack holds that we should be grateful. But while "it is certain that be [Professor Delitzsch] has no wish to estimate the worth of the Old Testament religion according to the degree of its dependence on, or independence of, Babylon, he has not done enough to keep his hearers and readers from forming an erroneous im- pression." Hence the Kaiser was fully justified, was "quite right" in defining his own attitude, and "making it clear that Delitzsch's authority as an AssyriologiSt cannot avail to prop up his theological doctrines." But while applauding the Kaiser for the absolute freedom he accords to all sincerely entertained convictions, while admiring the fervour and spon- taneity of his personal confession, and endorsing his views as to the meaning of religion, its dependence on forms, and the need for their modification, Professor Harnack finds himself unable to assent to the Kaiser's theory of double revelation and the divinity of Christ. "If Jesus Christ loses nothing of His individuality and uniqueness when placed in a line with Moses, Isaiah, and the Psalmists, neither does He lose aught by being ranged side by side with Socrates, Plato, and the other person- ages named in the Imperial document." With regard to the other question, Professor Harnack holds "God-manhood," not "Godhead of Christ," is the only correct formula. He continues :—

" In it the mystery is almost again restored which, in accord- ance with the will of Christ Himself, must ever enwrap this question. Of the fact that He is the Lord and Saviour He has made no secret ; and that He is this His disciples were to learn and feel through His Word and work. But how His relation with His Father originated He kept to Himself, and hid from us. Viewing it then in the light of my historical insight and per- ception, I should say that the formula 'Man and God' (God- manhood) is not wholly free from objection because it encroaches upon the domain of mystery into which no glimpse is vouchsafed us. Still this formula may stand, because in truth it claims to explain nothing, but serves only to shield the unusual from pro- fanation, just as the expression Son of God' does. The Pauline saying, God was in Christ,' seems to be the last word which we can venture to utter here, after having slowly and painfully freed ourselves from the delusion of ancient philosophers, that we can fathom the mysteries of God and nature, humanity and history."

—Mr. Miller's article on "The Macedonian Claimants" is a lucid and valuable historical retrospect. In the other provinces of the Balkan Peninsula there is national solidarity, whereas in Macedonia are concentrated "all the racial animosities, all the secular jealousies of the Eastern Christians." What Mr. Miller has done is to explain how it comes about that the

various rivals—Greeks, Bulgarians, Serbs—lay such stress on their historic claims.

In the Fortnightly "Vates" discusses "The Policy of the German Empire." The key to the lock, in his view, is Austria, for "Yates" believes that what the Emperor him- self really looks on as the "great game" will begin to be played after the death of Francis Joseph. The Kaiser, we are told, is making his preparations, so that should Austria break up

the German Empire will be enlarged and consolidated. To accomplish this it would be necessary to be in a position to keep

Russia back. Therefore the friendship with the Sultan was pushed to the infamous length of preventing the Concert of Europe from succouring the Armenians; while in the Balkans Roumania is a Hohenzollern outpost which would help the

Turk to hold back Russia. "'Pates" believes that the Kaiser's announcement, made in Jerusalem, that he was

the protector of all Germans, no matter what their creed, was a. warning to the "Los von Rom" agitators not to pre- cipitate matters. To further such great plans a fleet was wanted, and to obtain it the Emperor used the popular German hatred of England and desire for colonies. The indications certainly point to the possibility of trouble in the Austrian Empire, and the German Emperor is not likely to be unprepared to turn any convulsion so near home to the advantage of his country.—Mr. Churton Collins asks how far was Shakespeare familiar with Greek and Latin authors. The argument is that Ben Jonson when be spoke of his friend's "small Latin and less Greek" was comparing Shake- speare's ordinary knowledge of classical languages with his own pedantic scholarship. Mr. Collins gives an extract from Troilus and Cressida in which Achilles uses the imagery of the eyes in the same sense as does Socrates. But there was no English translation of Plato available, and Shakespeare must have used a Latin version, if not the original. Again, Prospero's speech beginning "Ye elves of hills" has been shown to resemble a passage in Golding's translation of Ovid, but Mr. Clairton Collins maintains that Shakespeare has put in things in the original which Golding left out. The passages are given for comparison. Mr. Churton Collins does not consider the possibility of Shakespeare getting the sense of classical authors by word of mouth from friends such as Ben Jonson, just as a poet now might learn the meaning of some Japanese poem from, say, Mr. Lafeadio Hearn, although the poem had never been translated into English.—Mr. Sidney Low makes a contribution to the Army controversy, and says that the ideal "that the first three army corps at least should be like battleships in commission, with a full complement of all ranks," has never been quite faced by any Secretary for War. Nevertheless, this is the position which. both the War Office and its critics are aiming at. The question. remains, how is such an ideal to be reached? Mr. Low, it seems,. would abolish the present Reserve, and go back to a long-service system, and make the conditions of the Army such as would: secure men like the London police. Then he would make a. new Reserve out of the civilian Auxiliaries, who would be " a great body of drilled civilians properly organised and regi. mented, and capable of taking their places in the fighting line at a relatively short notice." These men would eventually pass into a Reserve. Mr. Low would compel all boys of seven- teen to join a cadet corps, and failing further compulsion would fill the ranks of his Reserve by the inducement of an old-age pension. Our readers will remember that this last plan was first suggested some time since in the Spectator. The whole proposal indeed, has much in common with the.' scheme we have frequently advocated.

With the editor of the National Review's contribution to' the Baghdad Railway question we deal elsewhere. His trenchant pen is also employed in a striking resumg of the notorious case of the Bon Pasteur convent at Nancy. Mr. Maxse, after describing the protracted litigation which led to the verdict against the nuns of the convent in question for cruelly overworking a pensionnaire, very properly observes that the judgment of the First Court of Appeal is no anti- Roman Catholic or anti-Clerical triumph, but primarily a great moral victory for Mgr. Turinaz, the Bishop of ' Nancy, without whose intervention Maria Lecoanet could.. never have gained the day against a powerful Order with immense resources, owning two hundred and twenty-one- establishments containing seven thousand nuns, and no' fewer than forty-eight thousand workwomen.--We are glad to find in Mr. A. H. Clough, the writer of a paper on "Local Misgovernment," an effective assailant of the obstruc- tive and vexatious building by-laws of which complaint has already been made in our editorial columns. The difficul- ties of the housing problem are greatly enhanced by these cast-iron regulations in regard to the use of materials, foun- dations, drainage, &c. However, Mr. Clough admits a marked improvement in the new rural code, and recognises that a new and satisfactory spirit is manifesting itself on the Local Government Board.—Mr. Drummond Chaplin, who writes on "The Labour Question in the Transvaal," has expert claims to a hearing as joint-manager at Johannesburg of the Con- solidated Goldfields. His arguments in favour of a speedy solution of a difficulty which dislocates the economic situation in South Africa are lucidly expressed, and call for little criticism. But when he comes to deal with the alternative suggestions to meet the shortage of native labour—viz., the importation of white or of Asiatic workmen—it is significant that he relies on the memorandum of the mina% engineers, which laid 'special stress on the dangers of 'admitting " the ;trail of the serpent, the formation of labour unions " ; that lie is silent on the relation of the increased white labour to the vote; and that he makes a most remarkable admission in his aidvocacy of the importation of Asiatics. After contending that neither Boers -nay natives would suffer from this im- portation, be continues :- • "Nor, again, should the skilled workman have any -cause for complaint, since it must clearly be one of the conditions regu- lating the importation of Asiatics that they are strictly limited toeuch work as is now performed by natives. As a class, indeed, the skilled workmen will gain, since for every seven natives or Asiatics available one skilled white man can be profitably em- ployed at a high rate of pay."

This only emphasises the fact that the alleged economy of native labour is largely discounted by the necessity of em- Rloying a large number of highly paid white supervisors.

- The articles in Blackwood do not lend themselves to review, though this is no disparagement. An argument for or against

something can be summarised, but a tragic story like Mr. Dawson's "Affair at the Green River Mine" must be read in

its -entirety to be appreciated. The same author has before given us stories of the Australian mines, and this one is as goad as those that have gone before.—The last article in the magazine is perhaps the most interesting. It describes the selections from letters, despatches, and other State papers" relating to the Indian Mutiny which have been edited by Mr. "G. W. Forrest. The introduction to the work seems to us of no little excellence, and the writer of it has made a point of

• recording the heroic actions of natives faithful to us, no less than the deeds of our own people. When Havelock approached • the Residency at Lucknow, the native Bailey Gate guard went • out to meet him, but were mistaken for mutineers, and three natives were unfortunately killed. One of these men as he was dying said, "It is all for the cause." On another - occasion-

"Mukarrab Khan, a Mahommedan sepoy in the 4th Panjab Infantry, when the enemy fled through a gateway, and the heavy doors were on the point of being closed, pushed his left arm, on which he carried a shield, between them, thus preventing them being shut: on his hand being badly wounded by a sword 'cut he drew it out instantly thrusting in the other arm, when the right hand was all but severed from the wrist." This devoted action of Mukarrab Khan,' writes Lord Roberts, 'I myself witnessed.'" By means of a faithful spy named Ungud, Inglis, within the Residency, was able to receive messages from Havelock. Here isone of the communications:—" The reinforcements may reach me in about twenty or twenty-five days, and I will prepare • everything for a march on Lucknow. Do not negotiate, but rather perish, sword in hand." That is the language in which the General of a relieving force should address beleaguered Englishmen. The bravery of those who fell and of those who survived was only. equalled by the chivalry of the commanders.

• A very interesting article in the Monthly describes the "Resettlement in the Transvaal." The writer, who signs himself "Joseph in Egypt," gives a really wonderful account of the energy, activity, and success with which this colossal work is being carried on. Though awarding the greatest praise to individual soldiers for accomplishing some of the best work; the writer evidently thinks that the military authorities were slow and-red-tape bound. The following is an instance of the energy with which -Lord Milner and his subordinates are

• capable of acting. At the end of last October no ploughing had been done, and if mealies were not sown before the middle of December it meant that we must feed the whole population for another year :—

a At this time Lord Milner visited some of the worst districts. So impressed was he by the necessity of ploughing that a scheme was immediately started to plough for the people. Ten con- ductors, each with six ploughs and teams of oxen, were sent out with seed into each district. Everything else gave way. They ploughed up five acres on every holding, whether the family had got back or not, throughout the whole district. The charge was 5s. an acre for old lands, and as. 6d. an acre for new ground. But immediate payment was not insisted on. It was the ploughing that was compulsory. It was pushed so vigorously from head- quarters that between November 15 and December 15 the high-veld was ploughed up. They say there is more ploughed now than before the war. This was done, too, in spite of drought, which finally broke nearly., all the ploughs. It was a bold measure. Work that had hung fire for five months was done in ono, and that by a few energetic subordinates. Captain Madge, of the ./41-. Hugh Cliffolart articie on "The Emit and'the West. is of great interest. -It' begins by endorsing Ma.aMoseaith Townseada view of the total separation 'of Eaat and.Wesa and the :writer dissents Wholly febriaa Mr. Bevan's. 8ftitUdeas taken up in the JanuarY number of this magaziiie,alls amai be criticised Mr. Townsend, adversely. Mr. Clifford thinks that the pushing Westerns from the sixteenth century dowa. wards have by their aggressive spirit driven the Oriental

States back on themselves, and prevented their- natural development. - Europe-aat. least, Great Britain—has done a

great deal tower& the material prosperity of -its Eastern dependents, but, as Mr. Clifford says- " We are engaged in, Asia in an attempt to crowd the revolu. tions in fact and in idea, which in Europe have been the slow growth of centuries, into as many decades, without even halting to assure ourselves that things which owe their initiative to the genius of Europe, and are the ripening fruits of her Maturity, are

equally suited to the genius of the East" - Mr. Clifford also points out that the generation has increased since the sixteenth century. The Oriental Understands religious fanaticism, but not toleration, and the modern habit of "chaff" is totally repugnant to him. The article is full of deep insight into a subject of no usual interest. Repatriation Departifient; ehonld be specially mentioned, for with

him the idea. originated., lind well he saw it throaah."' • • sas