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FRANCE.—King Louis Philippe opened the session of the French Chambers in person, at one o'clock on Wednesday last, in the Chamber of Deputies. The way from the Tuileries was guarded in double line by 20,000 troops, twenty companies of Municipal Guard, and 1,500 Police officers. The preparations within the Chamber were the same as they were on the occasion last year ; but the Dutchess of Orleans and the Count of Paris, who were before absent on account of their recent be- reavement, were now with the royal groupe among the spectators. The Duke of Nemours sat in a chair of state on the King's right, with the Duke of Montpensier ; the Prince de Joinville on the left. The King, attired as a Colonel of the National Guards, ascended the throne with a firm step, amid loud cries of " Vive le Roil " and read the fol- lowing speech- " Gentlemen of the Chamber of Peers and Deputies—The good harmony be- tween the powers of the state, and the loyal support you have afforded to my Government, have yielded their fruit. Amidst the order maintained without effort and under the sway of the laws, France displays with confidence her fer- tile activity. The situation of all classes of citizens is improving and advan- cing. The effects of this prosperity will enable us to restore between the ex- penses and the revenue of the state, in the law of finance which will be shortly presented to you, a justly desired equilibrium.

" We can enjoy with security these blessings of peace, for it never was better secured. Our relations with all Powers are pacific and friendly.

" Serious events have occurred in Spain and in Greece. Queen Isabella II., summoned so young to the cares of State, is at this moment the object of all my solicitude and of my most affectionate interest. I hope that the issue of these events will be most favourable to two nations friendly to France ; and that in Greece, as well as in Spain, monarchy will strengthen itself by the mu- tual respect for the rights of the throne and the public liberties. The sincere friendship which unites me to the Queen of Great Britain, and the cordial un- derstanding existing between my Government and hers, confirm me in that con- fidence.

" I have concluded with the King of Sardinia and the Republics of the Equator and Venezuela treaties of commerce; and I am pursuing with other States in several parts of the world negotiations which, whilst maintaining our national industry in the security which it is entitled to, will open new paths to its intelligence and activity. I have the satisfaction of seeing the circle of my family enlarged by the marriage of my son, the Prince de Joinville, with the Princess Francisca, the sister of the Emperor of Brazils and of the Queen of Portugal. This union, by insuring the happiness of my son, adds one conso- lation more to those which God has reserved to me.

" Our domination in Algeria will soon be universal and tranquil. Under the command of experienced leaders, among whom I am proud to reckon one of my sons, our brave soldiers unite with admirable constancy the fatigues of war and the labours of peace. "The necessary measures for the execution of the general system of rail- roads, and for various enterprises of national utility, will be submitted to your deliberations. A bill relative to secondary instruction will satisfy the wish of the Charter for the freedom of instruction, by maintaining the authority and action of the State over public education. "I behold, Gentlemen, with deep gratitude to Providence the state of ho- nourable peace and of increasing prosperity which our country enjoys. Always guided by our devotedness and our fidelity to France, I and mine have never had any other ambition than that of serving her well. It is the assurance of accomplishing that duty which has given me strength through the trials of my life, and which will, to its end, be my consolation and my firmest support."

The speech was read distinctly and deliberately. The allusion to Spain was slightly applauded; the allusion to England more loudly. When speaking of the marriage of the Prince de Joinville, the King turned round towards his son, and inclined slightly. At the conclusion, loud cheers and cries of " Vive le Roi!" arose from all parts of the Chamber.

The oaths were administered to the Prince de Joinville, as a Peer of France ; to M. Teste and M. Passy, as Peers ; and to some Deputies. The session was then declared to be opened ; the whole ceremony hav- ing occupied eleven minutes.

Prince Augustus of Saxe Coburg and the Princess Clementine have arrived at the Tuileries.

The Government appear to have got into a scrape. The Prince of Moskwa, son of Marshal Ney, has long been "chef d'escadron," and had recently been appointed by Marshal Soult to the post of Lieutenant- Colonel. The King refused to sign the commission, as the Prince is in opposition' and in disgust, the Prince retired from the Army altogether. He is popular with the Left Centre ; and his offence is likely to have great influence with them in refusing the dotation to be proposed by the Ministers for the Duke of Nemours as Regent. The Censeur de Lyons states that the Legitimatist party had succeeded in exciting such a feeling in favour of the Due de Bordeaux among the population of several districts in the South of France, that, between Avignon and Orange, the inscription of "Henry V., or Death ! " was written on many of the houses of the villages situate along the road.

Seem—The long contest in the Chamber of Deputies at Madrid closed on the 17th instant. In the course of the last day's discussion, General Serrano, replying to some questions, said that "the Queen had related to him the fact of Olozaga's alleged misconduct with ingenu- ousness and candour, but in terms different from those used in her de- claration." Before sitting down, she dropped a bonbon ; but she could not recollect whether she gave it to Olozaga or whether he asked it of her. Serrano accompanied her to the theatre on the evening of Novem- ber the 28th; "but neither that night, nor the next morning, did he per- ceive any thing in her Majesty's manner to warrant the belief that she had suffered any oatr3ge at the hands of S. Olozaga." S. Sanchez de `iiltMa eyed to omit a paragraph in the proposed address which minate Olozaga ; but the motion was rejected, by 88 to ..■ ta; aiKkelie a dress was voted by 101 to 48. The Chamber appointed s...„1-11-11ePut4tiors hded by S. Martinez de la Rosa, to present the address ; ' 144:1;theska4aried sine die.

The address was presented on the 20th. Alluding to the " deplorable event" of the 28th November, it expressed determination to watch over the safety of the constitutional throne and the Queen's person. The Queen, also alluding to the " recent deplorable events," acknowledged with gratitude the devotion of the Cortes.

S. Olozaga had not appeared in the Congress since the 12th : he was said by some to be on his way to France ; by others, to have fled to Portugal ; and by others again, to be concealed in Madrid. He is also said to have in his possession a letter from the Marchioness of Santa Cruz to Narvaez, detailing the whole scheme for overthrowing him. The quarrel between Gonzalez Bravo and Serrano had been amicably arranged.

S. Carrasco, the Minister of Finance, bad promised financial reforms !

To these events succeeded another "Ministerial crisis." The Queen invited S. Martinez de la Rosa to go as Ambassador to Paris; but he declined to be Ambassador with S. Gonzalez Bravo for a Prime Minis- ter; and it was supposed that the ex-editor of the Guiriyay would be obliged to retire. Matters were still unsettled on the 21st.

Hostilities continue in a small way between Prim and Ametler, on the frontiers of Catalonia : but they are suspected to be only pro forma ; as Prim was disgusted at the appointment of the Baron de Meer to be Captain-General of Catalonia, and had a secret intelligence with Ametler. Prim talked of coming to Madrid, and taking part with_the Progresistas.

INDIA—An extra over-land mail from Calcutta has brought intelli- gence from that city to the 19th November ; the steam-ship Hindostan having made the voyage to Suez in twenty-four days and eight hours. It adds some particulars to the news received by the Bombay mail.

It is repeated for the twentieth time, that Lord Ellenborough intended to revisit the North-western provinces; of which Mr. Thomason had been appointed Lieutenant-Governor. All was quiet in Scinde; but the troops were in a very sickly state.

The Punjaub remained a prey to intestine commotion. Heera Singh had not been assassinated ; but still ruled at Lahore, in conjunction with Leena Singh. Cola Singh was in the hills, engaged in "curbing his mountain subjects." The Sikh army was mutinous, for want of pay; and troops left to guard Peshawnr had fled to the Indus, plundering the inhabitants as they passed.

The British Government had offered terms to the Regent at Gwalior ; which involved the substitution of Mama Saib, a Prime Minister whose appointment the British had sanctioned, for the Khasgee, a revolu- tionary leader ; and the exchange of certain tracts of territory which protrude themselves into Bundelkund, for others more convenient to both parties. The latest intelligence from Gwalior announced that the Khasgee had been seized, without bloodshed ; which was supposed to indicate that the necessity for British intervention had passed.

The Marwar succession had been settled; Tukhl Singh having been elected King. The Marwar succession had been settled; Tukhl Singh having been elected King.

It is reported that Dost Mahomed had been shot dead, at Cabul, by or- der of " the Prince of Believers, the Khan of Bokhara." It is said that the Khan sent several papers, with his own seal, to Cabul, stating, that whoever should kill the float would go to heaven. This event, if con- firmed, will probably lead to a suspension of any effort on the part of the Afghans to occupy Peshawnr.

CHINL—Papers have been received from Hong-kong to the 12th October. The island, and especially the town of Victoria, had been visited by sickness so severe that the officers of Government had removed to Macao. The death of Mr. Morrison, the interpreter, is most regretted. Boards of health and cleanliness had been formed, to improve the town.

The trade had been opened with the ports of Foochowfoo, Amoy, Ningpo, and Shanghae ; Mr. Gribble, Mr. Thom, and Mr. Balfour, having been appointed Consuls at the three latter ports. Notwith- standing the previous confinement of the trade to the military stations, it had been carried on to a great extent since the signature of the treaty: more than a million and a half of dollars worth of India and Straits produce, exclusive of opium, had been disposed of at Chosen and Amoy, and other towns of the East coast. The raw cotton imported from India to China, it is said, amounted alone to more than the previous annual export of British manufactures to China ; whilst the opium- trade surpasses calculation. Some inconvenience was felt at Canton at first, in consequence of there being no responsible persons, like the Hong merchants, to deal with: but Sir Henry Pottinger declared himself quite satisfied with the explanations of the Chinese Commissioners ; who seemed to act bona fide, and inculcated a strict observance of justice on both sides.

UNITED STATES.--The Independence packet-ship, which left New York on the 8th instant, arrived at Liverpool on Wednesday, bearing papers which contain President Tyler's message to Congress.

The message opens with a formal acknowledgment of the blessings especially conferred by Providence upon the United States since the first settlement of the country. President Tyler exchanges congratu- lations with Congress on the revival of prosperity throughout the Union ; and then launches into business.

The Executive "has relaxed no effort to render indestructible the relations of amity which so happily exist between the United States an.cl other countries "; and the recent commercial treaty with Great Britain is regarded as strongly promoting mutual interests and good intel- ligence.

The Oregon territory still remains in dispute ; and though "the United States would at all times be indisposed to aggrandize themselves at the expense of any other nation," "they would as unwillingly con- sent to a surrender of their rights "; which they construe "to appertain to the entire region of the country lying on the Pacific, and embraced within the 42d and the 54th deg. 40 min. of North latitude." Propo- sitions submitted to the British Government have not heretofore proved acceptable ; but "every proper expedient will be resorted to in order to bring the negotiation, now in progress of resumption, to a speedy and happy termination "—

" In the mean time, it is proper to remark, that many of our citizens are either already established in the territory, or are on their way thither for the purpose of forming permanent settlements, while others are preparing tofollow.: and in view of these facts, I must repeat the recommendation contained in. previous messages, for the establishment of military posts at such places on the line of travel as will furnish security and protection to our hardy adven- turers against hostile tribes of Indians inhabiting those extensive regions. Our laws should also follow them, so modified as the circumstances of the case may seem to require. Under the influence of our free system of government, new republics are destined to spring up, at no distant day, on the shores of the Pacific, similar in policy and in feeling to those existing on this side of the Rocky Mountains, and giving a wider and more extensive spread to the prin- ciples of civil and religious liberty."

Cases arising from the detention of American vessels by British cruisers on the coast of Africa have been satisfactorily adjusted, and others are likely to be so. " No new cases have arisen since tbe rati- fication of the treaty of Washington ; and it is confidently anticipated, that the slave-trade, under the operation of the 8th article of that treaty, will be altogether suppressed." Some smaller points in dispute are cursorily mentioned as still open,—the importation-bf American rough rice into Great Britain on the same terms as that from Western Africa; some differences among the persons engaged in fisheries off Nova Scotia; and the return to American merchants of certain export-duties on wool.

The American Minister at Berlin has been instructed to negotiate a commercial treaty with the Germanic Association of Customs and Com- merce, representing a population of 27,000,000 souls.

The message refers to the conduct of Mexico in a hostile tone— it tnust be regarded as not a little extraordinary, that the Government of Mexico,in anticipation of a public discussion, which it has been pleased to in- fer from newspaper publications as likely to take place in Congress, relating to the annexation of Texas to the United States, should have so far anticipated the result of such discussion as to have announced its determination to visit any such anticipated decision by a formal declaration of war against the United States. If designed to prevent Congress from introducing that question as a fit subject for its calm deliberation and final judgment, the Executive has no reason to doubt that it will entirely fail of its object."

Eight years have elapsed since Texas declared its independence ; Mexico has failed—has made no great effort to reconquer it: but the war continues ; and the United States may find it necessary to take effectual steps for bringing that war to a close, by holding "a language to Mexico of an unambiguous character "—in fact, by making Mexico desist. The new prohibition of retail-trade carried on by foreigners in Mexico, is characterized as highly injurious to American citizens, harsh, and unfriendly.

With other American nations, more briefly noticed, the relations of the Union continue to be amicable ; and the imperfect peace with the Indian tribes in the Union is alluded to with equal brevity and ob- scurity.

Finances are next handled. The Treasury receipts for the calendar year 1843 are stated at 18,000,000 dollars: the expenditure, exclusive of public debt, at 23,000,000 dollars. There are outstanding Treasury- notes to the amount of 4,600,000 dollars. The loan of 1841, of more than 5,500,000 dollars, falls due January 1st 1845; and, unless the resources be increased, a deficiency is apprehended at the close of 1845, of above 44300,000 dollars. The financial and commercial condition of the country has greatly improved ; although the change from an enor- mously-excessive paper circulation to a sound metallic currency created some temporary embarrassment. The public lands are pointed out as the tree foundation of the public credit ; and the maintenance of the credit of the Central Government must be looked to as the certain means of restoring the credit of the several States. It is therefore matter of gratulation, that the Central Government was enabled to effect the loan of 7,000,000 dollars, as manifesting the confidence of the people in the Government. [All this part of the message is exceedingly loose and obscure : perhaps almost designedly so, for it seems meant to stand in place of something about the awkward subject of "repudia- tion."] Alluding to the Tariff, the President recommends stability as the great object in legislation of that kind. He reiterates his twice- repeated recommendation to issue Treasury-notes, of denominations not less than 5 dollars and not more than 100 dollars, to be employed in paying the obligations of Government, in lieu of gold and silver, at the option of the public creditor, to an amount not exceeding 15,000,000 dollars: but this time the recommendation is urged with hesitating diffidence.

Among other official measures brought to notice, are a probable re- organization of the Militia and strengthening of the Army, plans for continuing to increase the efficiency of the Navy, and an improvement of the Post-office system ; more vaguely, improvement of the lakes and rivers. The tide of emigration continues to flow into the Union, and thence into its wild lands.

The aid rendered by the British at Gibraltar when the United States war-steamer Missouri was burnt, is acknowledged "Everything that generosity or humanity could dictate was promptly performed. It is by such acts of good-will by one to another of the family of nations that fraternal feelings are nourished, and the blessings of permanent peace secured."

Mr. Tyler finishes by drawing a favourable contrast between the state in which he found public affairs and their present state-

" Peace [with Great Britain) was preserved without a sacrifice of the national honour; the war in Florida was brought to a speedy termination; a large por- tion of the claims on Mexico have been fully adjudicated, and are in a course of payment; while justice has been rendered tons in other matters by other na- tions; confidence between man and man is in a great measure restored, and the credit of this Government fully and perfectly reestablished. Commerce is be- coming more and more extended in its operations, and manufacturing and mechanical industry once more reap the rewards of skill and labour honestly applied. The operations of trade rest on a sound currency, and the rates ef exchange are reduced to their lowest amount." His only desire for the future IS, "to leave the country prosperous and its institutions unimpaired."

The House of Representatives had chosen for their Speaker Mr. J. W. Jones Denn, of Virginia. Mr. Merrick gave notice on the 5th, that he would, at the earliest possible day, ask leave to introduce a hill for altering and reducing the rates of postage, and regulating the malls. Cassamt.—From Canada the Independence brings little additional news. Ministerial affairs were still unsettled; but the Kingston Whig, of the 29th November, says that the Governor-General had made the following appointments—Honourable John Beverly Robinson, to be Deputy Governor of the Province formerly Upper Canada ; Honourable J. B. Macauley and Honourable J. Jones, to be Members of the Exe- cutive Council for the Province of Canada.