'trr Vronium If. Kossuth has again appeared before the English public;

choosing Sheffield as the theatre, and the reconstruction of Poland as the theme of

his harangues. He was invited by some local friends of the Polish and

Hungarian exiles at Sheffield to speak at a demonstration in behalf of the nationality of Poland. There were two meetings ; one in the open air in

Paradise Square, at mid-day ; and one in the Music Hall, in the evening. At Paradise Square many thousands assembled; and before Kossuth spoke, a resolution, expressing how heartily "his Excellency" was wel- come to Sheffield, was passed by acclamation. In his speech here, M. Kossuth mainly endeavoured to show that England would be neglecting her duty by marrying herself with Austria in the present war; that Eng- land would be warring with and for despotism ; that there is no sincerity in the aim of the war—to preserve Turkey and check Russia—unless "Poland be reconstructed an independent nation, and Hungary be inde- pendent and free" ; that the war is popular in England, because England —that is, the people—believe the war to be waged in behalf of oppressed nationalities ; but that to sue for and accept the alliance of Austria—of Francis Joseph, who "holds in his bloody hands one of the quartered limbs of Poland," who "murdered Hungary and Italy," and who immo- lated thousands of patriots upon the scaffold—would be to fight against freedom and the oppressed. In the course of this speech Kossuth spoke of the way in which the statesmen and diplomatists had anxiously shunned the definition of what they mean by the freedom of Europe, for which they affect to fight.

"I would warn the people of England, that if they let this shuffling go on thus for a while, without impressing a true English stamp upon England's policy, it will discover with horror that its gallant brethren and sons have shed their blood, and it has been made to pay its millions, for an aim just contrary to what it has meant to fight and to pay for. You will have meant to fight for the independence and liberties of Europe, and you will discover that you have fought for securing oppression over many a nation on the Continent. Yes, gentlemen, you may expect, in reward for your blood and sacrifices, a miserable paper treaty, good for the cheesemongers ; and at the utmost, Russian despotism a little tired until it gets restored by an after- noon nap ; but in its stead Austrian despotism made a great deal stronger and more secure. Now, I ask you, do you hate Russian despotism ? (Loud cries of " Yes !") You do. Again, I ask you, do you like Austrian despotism ? Loud eries of "No, no !") Do you like that despotism which quartered Poland, assassinated Hungary, and murdered Italy ? Do you like that des- potism? (Prolonged cries of "No 1") No, you don't. Well, if you don't like it, let the mighty word of the people of England be lawfully told up to the heavens and down to Westminster Hall, because danger is knocking at your doors. England is about to be married to Austrian despotism; England is about to pledge that your blood shall be shed and your money shall be spent to make Austrian despotism sure."

Petitions were adopted, to be presented to Parliament by Earl Fitz- william and Mr. Roebuck, denouncing the partition of Poland, and pray- ing that such assistance be rendered to Poland as shall enable her to re- establish her national independence, and that the war be not terminated until that object shall have been fully.and irrevocably accomplished. In the evening, the admission to the Music Hall was by ticket, at the cost of half-a-crown, two shillings, and one-and-sixpence : accordingly the audience was few—not half as many hundreds as there were thousands in Paradise Square. Mr. Alderman Belly presided. At the outset, a re- solution was passed declaring that it would be unwise in England to seek an alliance with Austria, and subversive of the just aims of the war; but wiser to look for allies to those nationalities despoiled by the combination of despotism.

In his speech now, M. Kossuth resumed the theme of the morning, but elaborated it with much detail and oratorical filling-up. He traced the Eastern question backwards to the battle of Pultawa in 1709, and the escape of the Czar Peter at Talezi on the Pruth in 1711. His argument was, that by permitting the quartering of Poland, and the suppression of Hungary in 1849, the power of Russia had grown dangerous to Europe. England and France committed the miatake of not comprehending that a free Poland and a free Hungary, in their turn, are indispensable as well for the independence of Turkey as also for that higher European aim for which the independence of Turkey is thought to be necessary. Instead of comprehending that truth, they fell into the error of fondling and pet- ting that anomalous compound collectively called Austria, as a barrier gainst the preponderance of Russia. Turkey had better understood the truth, and in her early treaties with Russia she stipulated that the Czar should never appropriate any of the Polish territory, but unite with Turkey in upholding that state. But Poland and Turkey both departed from that policy; Poland, when John Sobieski saved Austria from the Turks ; and Turkey in 1848, when she permitted Russia to violate her neutrality and make her provinces subservient to Russian aggression. For that fault Turkey now has to struggle for life and death ; and as England shared in the fault so she also shares in the retribution. It is of no use to bombard Odessa, Sebastopol, and Cronstadt ; Russia is vul- nerable only in Poland. But Poland must be permitted to reconstruct herself in her entirety. Reconstruct Poland, and the alliance of Sweden will be secured. But to do that, England must court her natural allies, and not the unnatural alliance of Austria. The =oral of the whole was, that the sins of the past have come down upon England ; that the lessons of history forewarn England against the Austrian alliance, as an alliance for despotism : but this moral was worked out with rhetorical minute- ness, and all possible effect given to what the orator called the treacheries of Austria. A few passag,ea from this speech will convey some idea of the style.

"The neglect of reconstructing Poland brought famine upon and made frost a ruin to Napoleon. Mark this striking lesson of history well. You are in the same predicament: the situation is the same—the conditions .indispensable to success are the same—the danger of un- natural alliances the same; the only difference in the situation is, that Rus- sia has grown stronger in the meanwhile, partly by your Own fault, and that you have not an army of 600,000 men in the field, as Napoleon had. If, with all these evident practical warnings of history, England still persists in courting the false favours of Austria, and this persists to paralyze those two nationalities without which neither Turkey can be conserved nor Russia's power reduced, nor a solid and durable European peace gained, England will, step by step, entangle herself in increasing difficulties, tumble from one false situation into another, as she has been tumbling from the very beginning up to the present day; and the end will be vain sacri- fices, ruin and shame!'

"You wish to maintain the independence of Turkey ; you wish to reduce

the inordinate ascendancy of Russia: that's all very good—but how ? In what manner shall this be achieved? this you must define. Have you de- fined this ? Then you can but come to the same conclusions to which I come, and those are the following : if you mean to fight for freedom, you cannot side with Austria. He who sides with despotic Austria sides with despotism. If you mean to fight for the rights and independence of nations, you cannot side with Austria. Austria is the impersonified violation of the rights and independence of nations. If you desire to vanquish despotism, oppose liberty to it, and not Austria,—Austria is despotism. If you desire to secure the in- dependence of Turkey, do not hinder the independence of Hungary; and, as a means to the effect, mind not to prevent Turkey from taking the Hungarian nation for its ally, as your Government was and is preventing it. If you mean to reduce the preponderant power of Russia, you must help Poland to reconstruct itself into an independent nation, or else Russia's preponderance will not be checked. But I do not say, 'Reconstruct Poland' ; I say, 'Help Poland to reconstruct itself.' There is an essential difference in this. Na- tions manufactured by diplomatic treaties never have lasted, and are of no use. A gift of today may be taken back tomorrow. Who will be free them- selves must strike the blow !' If you want Poland reconstructed, help Poland in fighting for it. To adjourn the question to some future diplomatic manu- facture at the end of the war, would be a gross mistake. It would compro- mise not only the issue, but also the success of the military operations during the war. Besides, who knows how matters will stand at the end should Eng- land neglect the means indispensable to suceess ? " "Suppose that Austria could dare to join you sincerely against the Czar, her redeemer, her saviour, her deliverer. In justice we must own that it would be the most monstrous ingratitude after all. The worst of banditti in the South, whatever they be for the rest of mankind, are yet faithful to one another. But vile ingratitude is a leading feature in the character of the Hapsburgs. Poland saved them—Poland was quartered in reward. Hun- gary saved them under Maria Theresa—religious liberty was suppressed and the constitution suspended in reward. Napoleon saved them—he was sent to St. Helena in reward. I myself saved them in 1848: yes, gentlemen, in March 1848, having had the power thus to speak to them within the very walls of their own imperial palace, I said, 'Be just to Hungary, and I will give to the old house of Hapsburg peace and security here in Vienna.' Having had the power thus to speak to them,—I, unattended, alone, and they tremblingly accepted my generosity—who will doubt my word when I say I held their existence in the hollow of my hand ? I, by an excess of loyalty, saved them. Oh, we the day ! Look to my country ; what is the reward ? Some months later Lord Palmerston's diplomacy saved them—he is hated to the very heart in reward. The hangman Haynau saved them—he was driven away in reward. Above all, the Czar saved them—do you sup- pose they will fight him in reward ? Well, you can't help acknowledging that such a monstrous ingratitude can but push the Czar to double his ener- gies in doing what else also would be perfectly lawful for him to do, according to the established laws of war. He will address himself to some nationalities, and offer his and claim their concurrence for punish- ing Austria. A strange concurrence, you will say ! Strange indeed. I tremble at the very idea of its possibility ; but not a bit stranger than England claiming the credit of fighting for the freedom of Europe and yet allying herself to despotic Austria. Despotism here, and despotism there. Will you think it so strange that, if driven by England's impolicy to ex- tremes, there will be no choice left but to draw a comparison between Rus- sian and Austrian despotism ? Here may be found some who might think that, if Russian despotism resembles the bold violence of a political high- wayman, Austrian despotism might be compared to the miserable business of a political pickpocket, who occasionally gives a stab from behind. Be fore- warned, people of England ! be forewarned! Oh! you cannot fathom all the depth of the terrible feeling to see oneself betrayed by those who ought to have helped. If by patching up despotic Austria England shows that she is not fighting for the independence of Europe, but for securing the rule of despotism in one of its worst phases over the Continent, or, at the utmost, for transferring St. Petersburg to Vienna—if it is England which tears the ripe fruit of deliverance from the lips of the oppressed—if it is England which prevents Turkey from recurring to its true and natural alliances—if thus it is England which drives the oppressed nationalities to despair, Eng- land will have no right for blaming them should some of them accept even the concurrence of the Czar for severing themselves from Austria." (Much cheering.) The seventeenth anniversary of the Yorkshire Union of Mechanics In- stitutes was celebrated at Bradford on Wednesday; Mr. Edward Baines, President, taking the chair at the business meeting in the morning, and Lord Beaumont at the evening meeting. The report shows that there are 128 institutes in union, more than one-sixth of all the institutes in the kingdom ; that the probable number of members is 20,105; that the income of 98 institutes was 9947/., the number of volumes in 98 libraries 94,637, and of the volumes circulated in 93 libraries 309,390. In 83 in- stitutes 6367 books have been added during the year; in 87 institutes 1086 periodicals, daily, weekly, monthly, and quarterly, have been taken; and 788 lectures delivered, 645 gratuitously. Mr. Baines is elected Pre- sident for the ensuing year.

A fermentation which has recently broken out among the engine-dri- vers on the North-Western Railway seems primarily to have arisen from a misapprehension : the drivers thought they were all to be compelled to work their engines on the new contract plan; but in fact this was an en- tirely voluntary change. From a report by Mr. Forsyth, chief foreman at Wolverton, it appears, judging from the results already obtained, that the contract plan would produce a large saving to the Company, at the same time that the drivers and firemen would make a considerable profit ; and Mr. Forsyth points out that in consequence of this system making it the interest of those who contract to have the locomotives kept in the highest order—" shop repairs" being at the expense of the Company— there would be a great diminution of the liability to accidents, while the Company, on the principle of "a stitch in time,' would save much ex- pense in repairing or replacing engines.

The Liverpool shipwrights have overreached themselves. Some time since, the unionists demanded and received 15s. a day wages, and in some instances were really paid at the rate of a guinea a day. The conse- quence was, that the cost of repairs in the port was excessive; shipowners sent their vessels to other places to be repaired ; American masters got their work done' whenever possible, at American ports, taking materials from Liverpool; and the Admiralty resolved that no snore transports should be fitted out there. Wages have already fallen to 10s. a day, and probably will go much lower : the demands of the union men led to the introduction of shipwrights from other ports, so that with diminished work there is a larger supply of hands.

The journeymen carpenters of Nottingham, who are opposed to the use of machine-prepared wood, and who have been trying to beat the masters

by strikes in detail, have provoked a retaliation, and the employers have had recourse to a " lock-out" : all the workmen opposed to machinery are thrown idle.

A general improvement in the trade of the manufacturing districts is reported. At Manchester and Nottingham business is very active, while Birmingham continues its prosperous course.

The agricultural reports from the Western counties are very favour- able. Wheat, barley, potatoes, grass—all promise a most abundant crop. In Devonshire there is barley, and at Truro some wheat, in ear. The apple crop will not be very large.

Mr. George Forster, a Liverpool share-broker, is in custody on a charge of stealing a bank post-bill for 1000/. from the Borough Bank. Certain bills were laid aside on a clerk's desk in the bank ; when the books were balanced one of these was missing, and payment was stopped at the bank. On the 26th May, the bill was tendered for payment by Glyn's clerk : be had re- ceived it from Mr. Eccles; who had it from Mr. Forster ; who explained that he took it from a "Mr. Harris," whom he had known about 'Change, but whose business or address he did not know. When arrested, 116/, was found in Forster's office, and 900/. at his lodgings. Proceedings adjourned till Monday.

The Liverpool Magistrates are trying a new plan to stop robberies at night : they have ordered the Police to lock up for the night all well-known thieves who are found abroad after sunset. pa this limited " curfew " quite legal ? Perhaps some eminent thief may try the question at law ?] Burglars lately entered Greville Hall, the seat of the Earl of Stamford, and carried off nearly the whole of the collection of coins and medals, valued by the late Earl at 20001. A man was arrested next day with seven pounds weight of the spoil in his possession.

Another illustration of an old injunction. An old man went to fish in the Severn, at Kempsey ; a thunder-storm came on, and he sought shelter under a pear-tree; the lightning descended the tree, and the man was struck dead. His body was found almost naked, the clothes having been torn to pieces and scattered in all directions.

James Smith, a young man who was destitute, has been burnt to death in a lime-kiln, near Bradford. He went to sleep between two kilns, and ap- pears to have rolled into one that was burning : his charred remains were discovered on the top of the burning lime.